I. Japan’s Geography
-many islands, archipelago
Volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains
II. Effects of Geography on Japan
-respect for nature
-small amount of farming land
-need to import food
-transportation between mountains (trains)
-small apartments in cities
-over fishing
I. Zen Buddhism
- came to Japan From China
- devotion to duty
- affected Japanese way of life
-devotion to nature
II. Shinto
-originated in Japan
-no set of values or beliefs
-means the way of the gods
-believe Kami or spirits exist in nature
I. Japanese Feudalism
-decentralized government
-a period war between clans (a.k.a. daimyo)
-normally Emperor controlledJapan since 600 BCE
-ends at Tokugawa period
I. Tokugawa Rule
-The Tokugawa was a family that ruled Japan.
-Europeans brought these things to Japan during Tokugawa rule fire arms (rifles), tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses, compass, cannons, Christianity.
-Tokugawa ended feudalism by unifying Japan under one central government.
-Laws the Tokugawa made were banning Christianity, prohibition against guns (only certain people could use them),Alternate attendance policy (controlled the warlords), Ban trade with other nations.
-During Tokugawa rule Spain had taken over the Philippines islands located near Japan.
-Tokugawa continued to trade with the Dutch (for rifles), China, the Philippines and other parts of Asia
-Wanted to prevent Europeans from conquering Japan so closed the country and ended trade with Europe.
I.Mongol Soldiers
-Worlds best archers
-Could shoot arrow backwards on horse
-Superior bow: Mongols
-Fastest and best moving horses
II. Genghis Khan (1162-1227 C.E.)
-World’s largest land empire (4,860,000 square miles)
-Religious freedom throughout his empire
-Cultural diffusion throughout his empire
-Accept his rule or die
-United Mongol tribes into one army
I.Middle Ages (Growth of Towns and Cities)
-(1100-1350 C.E.)
-unorganized streets
-poor sanitation, no fresh water
-fire spread easily
-walls surround city
- Each had a church, castle, and marketplace
II. Guilds:
-provided people with jobs
-possibility to move up in society
-a middle class emerges-people have money to spend
I. The Renaissance (approx. 1350-1620 C.E.)
- known as a "Rebirth"
- a new focus on "Humanity" known as Humanism
- for the first time a new focus on the potential of the individual
- the idea of "Renaissance Man" a person who is skilled in many areas math, science, art, literature, etc.
- reintroduction of Greek and Roman ideas/technology
- rebuilding of aqueducts
- a new focus on higher education, the first universities in Europe (most people still do not receive an education/ no public schools)
I. The Renaissance and Women's Rights
-Women lost status during the Renaissance in comparison to the Middle Ages
-Women were banned from guilds which they had been allowed to work in previously
-they were also denied an education that was equal to what men received. For example most people still did not receive an education male or female, but rich families generally allowed their sons to receive a college level education while their daughters were not.
I. Machiavelli (1469-1527 C.E.)
-first modern political thinker
-is against feudalism and decentralized rule
-places a value on the state over anything else, in other words he comes up with the idea for a country
-ideas lead to absolute monarchs
I. Causes of the Protestant Reformation
-Gutenberg Printing Press (newspapers were used to make wrongdoings of the leaders of the Catholic Church public)
-Catholic Church had gathered a large amount of control over society during feudal times
-Northern Europe did not benefit from fees paid to the Catholic Church
-The Catholic Church tries to centralize power in Rome (those who do not want to accept this become known as Protestants)
-An attempt to stop the Protestants by using violence and torture further divides Catholics
(Protestants: were newer converts to Christianity that were known as Catholics until they split and created their own branches of Christianity, many had followed the religion of their tribes until around the year 700 see Charlemagne.)
(Related topic from semester 1)I. Charlemagne
-By 395 C.E. Christianity had become the dominant religion in Rome
-Clovis the first barbarian to convert to Christianity (Catholic), yes related to those people who destroyed ancient Rome
-Clovis was also the first king of France (481 C.E.)
-he was also leader of the "Barbarians",many of his followers convert to Christianity 496 C.E.
-Pepin the Short Charlemagne's uncle creates a central location for the Pope to rule (Papal States), IN ROME (756 C.E.)
-Charlemagne named "Holy Roman Emperor" in an attempt to create a "Rebirth" of the ideas and ways Roman Empire (800 C.E.)
-Charlemagne dies in (814 C.E.), none of his predecessors gain the power that he held and there is not a "Rebirth" of the Roman ways for many years, Europe remains stuck in feudalism.
I. The Protestant Reformation1500-1750 C.E.
Places- Germany, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Parts of France (mainly Northern Europe)