I.Human origins:
Out of Africa theory: all modern humans originated and evolved in Africa
Many Places theory (or multiregionalism theory): modern humans originated and evolved in different parts of the world
Hominid: a human like ancestor
II. Paleolithic period
-time when earliest hominids lived
-humans were hunters and gatherers (farming did not exist)
-many hominids competed for resources
III. Neolithic period
-first small settled villages
-humans learn how to farm/ invent farming
-no government/ not yet considered civilization missing main elements of civilization
I. Development of Civilizations
-one of the first civilizations was Ancient Mesopotamia
-many early civilizations developed around river valleys
-the Fertile Crescent of rivers provided rich farmland
-Main features required to meet definition of civilization organized government, large cities of 100,000 or more, complex religious beliefs,
job specialization, a diversity of social classes, a complex written language, organized art and architecture, public works especially walled cities
many early civilizations built wall around their cities to establish a "civilized way of living" and "keep the barbarians/or uncivilized out"
I Hammurabi Code:
-unites the many tribes
-first written set of laws***
-laws could not be avoided
-organizes, creates consequences
-believed in harsh punishment to create order
-around 1750 B.C.E
-282 specific laws
-code applied to everyone
-laws were different depending on rich or poor (status}
I. Confucius Main Ideas
-filial piety, respect for elders
-values education
-organized family will lead to an orderly society
-five key relationships
II. Confucius And Government
•Do not have strict laws
•Leaders be good role models
•King should inspire good behavior- not scare people into good behavior
I. Han Dynasty
-first to use Confucianism in China
-sets up civil service exams for government positions
-a Golden Age with many inventions (ex. paper)
I. Daoism
-Tao (way of nature)
-rejects government authority/ people do not need laws to be orderly
-living in harmony with nature
-simple government, let people find their way in life
-people are born good and society makes them bad
II.Confucius Compared to Daoism
-agrees no need for many laws that punish people
-people must know how to behave good and must behave good
-disagrees, people need to work hard
III. Yin and Yang
-opposites
-Depend on each other
-natural balance found in world
I. Athens:
-advanced ships
-golden age in education
Ex. used geometry to measure height of pyramids, distance of sun, and moon.
III. Athenian Democracy:
-A direct democracy
-Assembly /citzens voted directly for laws (not represenatives)
-All males over 20 born in Athens with 2 years military service were citizens
-About 30,000 members made up the Assembly
-Discuss laws in large theatre
-All vote together on laws
II. Peloponnesian war:
-Athens wanted :
-spread Athenian democracy
-take over all of Greece
-end dictatorships in other Greek city-states
-Results:
-Sparta wins
-No city-state ever takes over all of Greece
-End of Greek dominance in the world
I.Socrates and Athens
-Athenian children were taught to value money, power and fame
-Socrates had no wish for material things and chose to live in poverty
-Socrates taught young people to question what their parents had told them.
-He is famous for the Socratic method, finding answers to questions by conversation (questions and answers)
-felt a flaw in democracy was that it did not require its leaders to be smart, or have experience in government.
Geography of Rome:
-central location
-good for trade
-easy to attack others
Government:
republic-a government where a small group of upper class leaders are elected as leaders
citizens: Rome unlike Athens, allowed many of the conquered people to become citizens
Roman Legion:
-Roman military broken up into smaller units ex. 5,000 soldiers.
ROMAN ROADS:
-CONNECTED THE EMPIRE
-MANY STILL IN PERFECT CONDITION TODAY
-ROADS IN CENTER OF CITY RUN NORTH/ SOUTH
Roman water systems:
-baths were public
-aqueducts: carry fresh water over many miles to cities
-sewers removed waste away from cities
I.Byzantine Empire
a.Main language Greek
b.Roman language was Latin
c. 330 C.E. to 1450 C.E.
d. 480 C.E. Rome accepts Byzantine Rule
II. Comparing Roman and Byzantine architecture
Pantheon of Ancient Rome
- Built by Roman Empire
As a temple to the Gods
- Built by slaves
-609 C.E. Pantheon was made into a Church
-(346 pagan temples banned)
HAGIA SOPHIA
- Built by Byzantine Empire
As a Christian Church
- Built by paid workers
- Became a mosque when Muslims took over Contantinople
- Converted into a museum
I. Justinian Code - Byzantine Empire
•Made by Emperor Justinian
•Organized and compiled the thousands of ancient Roman laws
•Origin of Medieval European law
India Geography
-Ganges river (holy location)
-Himalaya mountains (provide water for 1 billion people)
-Monsoons (seasonal winds that bring rainy season and dry season, can cause massive flooding)
Problems in India today:
-Malnutrition
-Poverty and illiteracy
-Destroying the environment
-Overpopulation
HINDUISM
-no founder
-polytheistic (many gods)
-holy books : Vedas, Gita, Upanishads
I. Main Beliefs
Goal to reach Moksha
DHARMA
-all forms of animal life have souls
-defines correct behavior
-behavior is based on social class and is not exactly the same for everyone. (ex. It is acceptable for a warrior to kill during war.)
KARMA all actions have consequences, the goal is to have no bad Karma
Reincarnation: Hindus believe it takes many lives on Earth to reach Moksha ( like heaven or nirvana)
III.Behavior
-do not hurt people
-devotion to Gods
-pray, meditate and do yoga
-holy writings: Sutras these are written beliefs from the Original Buddha.
BUDDHISM
-founder Siddhartha Guatama (aka The Buddha or The Awakened One)
-began in India/Nepal
-Sutras-writings of the original Buddha
I. Main Beliefs
Goal to reach Nirvana/Enlightenment
-follow 4 noble truths
-follow eithfold path
-meditation/focus on understanding the self
-avoid desire/want in order to reach Nirvana/Enlightenment
Nirvana/Enlightenment: The Buddha reached Enlightenment while alive (true understanding or never ending happiness),
the goal of Buddhists is to reach this never ending happiness.
I. Feudalism
I. Charlemagne
-By 395 C.E. Christianity had become the dominant religion in Rome
-Clovis the first barbarian to convert to Christianity (Catholic), yes related to those people who destroyed ancient Rome
-Clovis was also the first king of France (481 C.E.)
-he was also leader of the "Barbarians",many of his followers convert to Christianity 496 C.E.
-Pepin the Short Charlemagne's uncle creates a central location for the Pope to rule (Papal States), IN ROME (756 C.E.)
-Charlemagne named "Holy Roman Emperor" in an attempt to create a "Rebirth" of the ideas and ways Roman Empire (800 C.E.)
-Charlemagne dies in (814 C.E.), none of his predecessors gain the power that he held and there is not a "Rebirth" of the Roman ways for many years,
Europe remains stuck in feudalism.